Грамматика · Структуры · B1 → C1

Косвенная речь - пересказать, что сказали

Когда передаёшь чужие слова, время «отходит на шаг назад», а местоимения и слова времени меняются. Разберём сдвиг времён, косвенные вопросы и команды и богатую палитру reporting verbs.

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01

Сдвиг времён B1

Главное правило: после reporting-глагола в прошлом время делает «шаг назад».

Прямая речьКосвенная речь
Present Simple (work)Past Simple (worked)
Present Continuous (am working)Past Continuous (was working)
Past Simple (worked)Past Perfect (had worked)
Present Perfect (have worked)Past Perfect (had worked)
willwould
can / mustcould / had to
"I am tired." → She said she was tired.
"I will call." → He said he would call.
say vs tell tell нужен объект: He told me that…. say - без объекта: He said that… (не said me).
"I live in Berlin." → She said she in Berlin.
Верно. Present Simple → Past Simple: lived.
"I have finished." → He said he finished. (Past Perfect)
Да. Present Perfect → Past Perfect → had finished.
02

Слова времени, места и модальные B2

Вслед за временами сдвигаются now, today, here и модальные.

ПрямаяКосвенная
nowthen
todaythat day
tomorrowthe next day / the following day
yesterdaythe day before / the previous day
this / herethat / there
must (обязанность)had to
Когда сдвиг НЕ нужен Если reporting-глагол в настоящем (says) или факт всё ещё верен, время можно не сдвигать: She says she is tired. / He said the Earth is round.
"I'll see you tomorrow." → She said she'd see me .
Верно. tomorrow → the next day.
03

Косвенные вопросы и команды B2

В вопросах пропадает инверсия, в командах - инфинитив с to.

Вопросы

Порядок слов становится прямым (как в утверждении), do/does/did исчезают. Для yes/no-вопросов - if / whether.

"Where do you live?" → She asked where I lived.
"Are you ready?" → He asked if I was ready.

Команды и просьбы

Формула: told / asked + объект + (not) to + инфинитив.

"Sit down." → She told me to sit down.
"Don't touch it." → He told me not to touch it.
"What time does it start?" → He asked what time .
Верно. Прямой порядок + сдвиг, без do: it started.
"Don't be late." → She told me late. (not to be)
Да. Отрицательная команда → not to be late.
04

Reporting verbs C1

Вместо вечного said - точные глаголы со своими конструкциями.

КонструкцияГлаголыПример
verb + to + infoffer, refuse, promise, agree, threatenHe offered to help.
verb + object + to + inftell, ask, advise, warn, remind, encourageShe advised me to wait.
verb + -ingsuggest, admit, deny, recommendHe admitted stealing it.
verb + preposition + -ingapologise for, accuse of, insist onShe apologised for being late.
Точность = C1 «He said he was sorry» звучит по-школьному. «He apologised for being late», «She refused to answer», «They accused him of lying» - это уже уровень носителя.
"No, I won't do it." → She do it.
Верно. refuse + to + инфинитив → refused to do it.
"Let's take a break." → He suggested a break. (take → -ing)
Да. suggest + -ing → taking a break.
05

Работа над ошибками

Шесть частых промахов в косвенной речи.

1. He said me that… → He told me that… / He said that… (say без объекта)
2. She asked where do I live. → She asked where I lived. (прямой порядок, без do)
3. He told me sit down. → He told me to sit down. (команда → to + инфинитив)
4. She suggested to go home. → She suggested going home. (suggest + -ing)
5. He asked me that if I was busy. → He asked me if I was busy. (без that с if)
6. "I saw it." → He said he saw it. → He said he had seen it. (Past → Past Perfect)
Как закрепить Ошибки из квизов уже в Тренажёре → «Над ошибками». Вернись через день.
Исправь: She told that she was tired.
Верно. Без объекта - say: She said (that) she was tired.

Косвенная речь - пройдено

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Осталась продвинутая грамматика C1. Ты почти у цели.

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